Application of adaptive cluster sampling to low-density populations of freshwater mussels

Freshwater mussels appear to be promising candidates for adaptive cluster sampling because they are benthic macroinvertebrates that cluster spatially and are frequently found at low densities. We applied adaptive cluster sampling to estimate density of freshwater mussels at 24 sites along the Cacapon River, WV, where a preliminary timed search indicated that mussels were present at low density. Adaptive cluster sampling increased yield of individual mussels and detection of uncommon species; however, it did not improve precision of density estimates. Because finding uncommon species, collecting individuals of those species, and estimating their densities are important conservation activities, additional research is warranted on application of adaptive cluster sampling to freshwater mussels. However, at this time we do not recommend routine application of adaptive cluster sampling to freshwater mussel populations. The ultimate, and currently unanswered, question is how to tell when adaptive cluster sampling should be used, i.e., when is a population sufficiently rare and clustered for adaptive cluster sampling to be efficient and practical? A cost-effective procedure needs to be developed to identify biological populations for which adaptive cluster sampling is appropriate.     

计算机辅助确定外因火灾位置方法

系统介绍用计算机辅助确定矿井外因火灾位置方法的原理,给出该方法的具体步骤,剖析其定性分析、定量分析和定量分析结果评价三大步骤中的各技术关键,并借助一个实例验证了该方法实用的可行性     

Seasonal Fluctuation in Heavy Metal Pollution in Iran´s Siahroud River - A Preliminary Study (7 pp)

Background The management of its available water resources has become a key issue for Iran. During the last few decades, the water quality of Siahroud River in the coastal plain of the Caspian Sea in Gilan Province in Northern Iran has significantly degraded. The scarcity of water has been compounded by rapid population growth and increasing pollution from fertilizers, pesticides, and municipal and industrial wastes. One of the sources of this degradation is the movement of heavy metals from the river's watershed into the various water systems supported by the river, including the water system for Rasht City. Methods To study the magnitude of heavy metal pollution in the Siahroud River, seven heavy metals including Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Mn, Fe, and Ni were measured in duplicate from replicated water samples collected over five consecutive seasons and analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. In situ measurements of pH were taken with the samples and total organic carbon (TOC) was analyzed by IR gas measurement. Results The results demonstrated that four of the seven heavy metals including Pb, Fe, Cd, and Mn exceeded permissible safe levels as established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Multivariate factor analysis suggested that industrial land-use was the main contributing factor for the high levels of Fe and Mn in the Siahroud River, whereas, Cd was principly from agricultural activities in the watershed. The data also suggested that pH and TOC had an important role in the behaviour of Pb and Mn, and that the elevated levels of these two heavy metals in Siahroud River was the consequence of other anthropogenic sources. Only negligible levels of Zn, Cu and Ni were detected. Finally, all the sampling stations were subjected to cluster analysis. The results indicated that three different zones could be distinguished according to the levels of pollution. In addition, it was shown that the urban areas did not have a significant impact on the heavy metal pollution in the river. This observation stems from the fact that the data from the sampling stations before and after Rasht City were not significantly different. Recommendation . Preventive measures need to be undertaken in the land-use systems and watersheds of the Siahroud River to reduce the pollution levels of Pb, Cd, Mn and Fe.     

基于专利的区域环境技术创新水平空间分异研究

以环境技术专利表征创新水平,采用绝对指标与相对指标、专利结构布局系数(或特化系数)与技术创新主体结构布局系数,衡量中国各省市环境技术创新水平的空间分异,探讨其不平衡性的原因.研究结果表明,绝对指标评价的环境技术创新水平,呈现"东高西低"的格局;相对指标表征的环境技术创新水平,大部分省市的评价结果基本上在0.1～0.5、0.59～1.04之间,空间分异不明显.东部地区省市发明专利、企业专利特化系数高,如天津、香港、北京、上海的发明专利特化系数均在1.3以上,香港和上海的企业专利特化系数大于2.但是发明专利、公司企业专利--2项最具价值的专利技术创新水平均较高的省市不多,我国环境技术创新水平整体水平不高.     

真菌预处理优化制备微介多级孔炭及其吸附甲苯的研究

提出采用黄孢原毛平革菌对生物质前体物进行预处理的制备策略,从而研发孔结构可调的多级孔炭材料模板.选用荷叶作为生物质原材料,探讨菌种投加量、培养时间对多级孔炭材料前驱体的影响,并采用水蒸气物理活化法,分析活化温度和活化时间对炭材料比表面积、孔径分布和表面官能团的综合作用.最后,通过Raman、XRD、BET、FTIR、TGA、SEM、EA等手段表征其物理化学性质,并考察真菌预处理对炭材料的甲苯吸附性能的影响.结果表明,在生物质荷叶质量30 g、菌种投加量4 mL、培养时间7 d、活化温度800℃、活化时间90 min条件下制备的微介多级孔炭材料,在含有较多介孔的前提下比表面积可达937 m~2·g~(-1),总孔容为0.68 cm~3·g~(-1).动态模拟吸附实验发现,经预处理的炭材料在甲苯浓度905 mg·m~(-3)下对其饱和吸附容量为304 mg·g~(-1),是未经真菌调控荷叶吸附容量的1.83倍,吸附性能的提升主要归因于比表面积、孔容及表面酸性基团增大的作用.经真菌预处理调控的炭材料对甲苯的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温线,属于单分子层吸附.     

石家庄大气污染物输送通道及污染源区研究

为探索石家庄的区域输送规律,确定主要污染源区,利用HYSPLIT(Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrater Trajectory)后向轨迹模式和NCEP的GDAS全球气象要素数据,对2013—2016年从不同高度上抵达石家庄地区的逐日72 h气流后向轨迹进行聚类分析,并结合石家庄逐小时颗粒物污染物浓度数据,分析石家庄PM2.5的潜在源贡献因子(WPSCF)和浓度权重轨迹(WCWT).结果表明,(1)石家庄PM2.5浓度具有明显单峰谷日变化,秋冬季与春夏季峰谷值出现时间不同;(2)近地层大气污染输送路径以近距离,移速慢的轨迹为主,轨迹较短的路径所占比例在40%以上.除夏季外,近距离输送路径均存在螺旋转向,在后向48~36 h内轨迹端点到达河北省内,转为东向和南向输送.(3)大气污染输送通道的垂直分布特征表明,输送轨迹中低于500 m高度的轨迹点占28.7%,高于1000 m低于3000 m高度的轨迹点占36.1%,高于3000 m高度的轨迹点占25.3%.低层多以近距离输送为主,高度越高,近距离输送轨迹的频率越低.500 m高度输送通道仍以近距离输送为主,并存在螺旋转向,1500 m高度以上多远距离输送.(4)石家庄PM2.5的主要污染源区范围较小.途径河北中南部、河南北部、山东西部和山西中北部地区的轨迹对石家庄PM2.5的污染贡献最大.     

澳门半岛近岸海域水质时空变异分析

采用聚类分析和判别分析技术对澳门半岛近岸海域22个监测点2000~2005年期间的监测数据进行水质时空分析,旨在识别澳门半岛近岸海域水质时空变化特征,从而为澳门半岛水质监测网络的优化和近岸海域水质的控制提供支持.监测点位取样时间聚类结果可分为6~9月和1~5月、10~12月2组,与传统的4~9月和10~3月的丰、枯水期划分存在差异;按采样点位的空间聚类结果显示,第1组的监测站点都位于西侧,第2组的监测站点都位于东侧和南侧.通过后退式判别分析,表征空间差异性的显著性指标为pH、氯化物、TSS、颜色;表征时间差异性的显著指标为总磷、氯化物、颜色、氨氮、溶解氧、化学需氧量.空间与时间差异性判别的正确率分别达到84.82%和76.57%,显示后退式判别分析具有较好的指标降维能力和判别能力.     

军用飞机结构类型聚类分析

选取某型飞机16个典型结构,采用温、湿度测量仪测量其局部温、湿度,测量周期为2个月,分别获得673个有效温、湿度实测数据。根据实测数据,采用模糊聚类算法对飞机结构类型进行归并分析,当模糊矩阵阈值λ=0．7时,飞机结构类型可归并为开式、半开式、封闭式3种典型结构形式。     

地表水环境的灰色聚类分析

在环境质量评价中,环境系统包含的信息是不完全的和非确定性的,因此环境系统是一个灰色系统。传统的评价方法已不能满足要求,灰色聚类分析方法正是考虑了环境系统这一特点,因此现已被成功地运用于环境质量评价中。采用灰色聚类分析对西安某河流进行评价,并运用主成分分析各年之间的污染程度以及各污染指标之间相互关系,有效地提取了信息。     

基于实例的系统聚类分析法在环境空气质量评价中的应用

基于系统聚类分析理论,介绍系统聚类最短距离法在环境空气质量评价中的应用。系统考虑影响环境空气质量的各种因素,在数据标准化处理的基础上,通过距离计算,达到对环境空气质量的系统分类,为制定区域环境综合治理措施和环境规划提供科学依据。